鈥淧lease put down your weapon. You have 20 seconds to comply.鈥� So said the armed robot in Paul Verhoeven鈥檚 1987 movie RoboCop. The suspect drops his weapon but a fault in the robot鈥檚 software means it opens fire anyway. Nearly two decades later, such fictional weapon-toting robots are looking startlingly close to reality 鈥� and New 杏吧原创 has discovered that some may eventually help to decide who is friend and who is foe.
Sometime in the coming months, chances are that we鈥檒l be seeing TV reports that an armed remote-controlled robot has been used in anger for the first time. 鈥淭hey will appear when they appear. I can鈥檛 talk about when that may be,鈥� says Bob Quinn, general manager at Foster-Miller of Waltham, Massachusetts, whose machine-gun-equipped robot, called Sword, was certified safe for use by the US forces in June.
Robots have already shown their mettle in defensive roles, detonating improvised bombs in the UK, Israel, Iraq and Afghanistan. Foster-Miller鈥檚 Talon robot and its rival PackBot, from the Massachusetts-based company iRobot, are the lightweight robots now used for these tasks. These tracked machines, controlled by an operator sitting in an armoured vehicle, are capable of being driven at high speed and use manipulator arms and grippers to place a small explosive charge to disable a suspected bomb.
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Now versions of these robots are being developed that will allow troops to manoeuvre and fire a variety of weapons. iRobot has built a prototype equipped with a 20-round shotgun. 鈥淚t will be able to fire over four dozen different kinds of shotgun ammunition, everything from large slugs that would kill an elephant, to buckshot that would cover a wide area,鈥� says Joe Dyer, head of iRobot鈥檚 military division.
Foster-Miller鈥檚 Sword is a variant of Talon in which the manipulator arm has been replaced by a rotating machine-gun carrier. 鈥淚t鈥檚 for urban combat and perimeter security and it鈥檚 fully controlled by the soldier,鈥� Quinn says. Touted uses include checking out a potential ambush.
Both companies stress that there is always a human in control of the robots. Apart from a planned autonomous 鈥渞eturn home鈥� function, neither Sword nor the iRobot prototype operates autonomously.
鈥淣either Sword not the iRobot prototype operates autonomously鈥�
Nevertheless, more complex machines may soon be on the drawing board. A research request issued in August by the Pentagon鈥檚 Office of Naval Research (ONR) shows that military robots are one day going to be asked to make some important decisions on their own. The ONR wants to engineer mobile robots to 鈥渦nderstand cooperative and uncooperative鈥� people, and inform their operator if they seem a threat. It hopes to do this using artificial intelligence software fed with data from a 鈥渞emote physiological stress monitoring鈥� system, and by using speech, face and gesture recognition. From this it would draw inferences about the threat that person poses.
It鈥檚 a prospect that is causing some concern. 鈥淚t is ethically problematic to use software that may work in lab conditions but not under a whole range of extreme conditions, such as when you suspect someone might be a suicide bomber,鈥� says Kirsten Dautenhahn, an AI expert at the University of Hertfordshire in the UK.
Lucy Suchman, an expert in human-computer interaction at Lancaster University, UK, is even more critical: 鈥淭his plan is just ridiculous. It involves the worst kind of simplistic profiling. It鈥檚 a fantasy on the part of technology enthusiasts within the Pentagon.鈥�
Quinn, however, disagrees. The ONR is not known for wasting research dollars, he says, and what it funds usually happens 鈥� even if it is 10 years away. 鈥淩ecognition technology is progressing fast. I think it will separate the wheat from the chaff,鈥� he predicts.
