HAVE you ever judged a stranger by some superficial marker 鈥� their shoes, how they speak or what鈥檚 on their bookshelves? In the absence of any better information, it is only natural to resort to crude indicators like these to get some idea of what kind of person you are dealing with. If the outward signs suggest the two of you have things in common, don鈥檛 you respond more favourably to them? It is, after all, easier to interact with someone who is on your wavelength.
As this illustrates, humans have a deeply ingrained tendency to form groups. Now try replacing shoes or books by 鈥渞ace鈥� or 鈥渆thnic group鈥� and you will start to understand why some scientists see prejudice as a part of human nature (see 鈥淏orn prejudiced鈥�). They argue that we see other people in terms of 鈥渦s鈥� and 鈥渢hem鈥� because we have evolved to identify others with whom we can interact productively. Two researchers have even gone so far as to show that a form of colour prejudice can arise spontaneously in a virtual world full of interacting agents, and that when it does it leads to greater cooperation.
At first sight the implications of this research seem shocking, but they deserve further thought. Even if it is in our nature to be prejudiced against people outside our group, and even if such discrimination evolved for a good reason, that does not mean we are stuck with it. Modern genetics tells us that we are all are pretty much the same: genetic variation is generally far greater within an ethnic group than between groups, so what we recognise as racial markers are biologically next to meaningless.
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What鈥檚 more, most of us realise that judgements based on these superficial markers give only crude stereotypes. This may have worked just fine for our prehistoric ancestors, living in small groups with few outside interactions, but it will not get you far in today鈥檚 global melting pot where we meet people from a huge variety of backgrounds. In any case, there is a more effective way to identify people with whom to do business 鈥� get to know them as individuals. Seeing how they behave is a far more accurate guide than crude markers.
The challenge facing us is to confront our true nature. Instead of denying that our tendency to prejudice exists, we would do well to understand why and when it is most likely to be triggered. This might give us the chance to set aside the urge to crudely pigeonhole people, and instead deal with them as individuals. Such behaviour is certainly more constructive and civilised, and it stands to improve our success as social, political and business animals. It would be naive to suppose that such self-knowledge will instantly dissolve the deep-seated prejudice that exists around the world, but it is a start.
