THE 21st century, we are told, will be China鈥檚. Usually this is intended as a warning: if the world鈥檚 leading economies fail to respond to the Chinese 鈥渢hreat鈥�, we will face a second-class future trailing in the wake of the People鈥檚 Republic.
This blinkered view gets us nowhere. China is a proud nation with a turbulent history, and it makes no secret of its superpower ambitions. It is certainly a fierce competitor for resources 鈥� witness the panic in the US about China鈥檚 thirst for oil, and what that means for fuel prices. But this vast and diverse country is already much more than a simple adversary. Without China鈥檚 supply of cheap manufactured goods, massive overseas investment and talented labour, the world鈥檚 economy would be in serious trouble.
In this age of globalisation, China is also a partner 鈥� which is why we should all be concerned about the challenges ahead. China faces immense social, political and environmental problems, and whatever is a problem for China is by definition a problem for everyone else too. Today in rich western countries, people worry about poisoned Chinese pet food and imported toys tainted with lead. Tomorrow, it could be a global climate meltdown driven by China鈥檚 exploding demand for energy.
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China鈥檚 leaders are no fools. Most senior members of the central government were trained in that most practical of disciplines, engineering. They know that the nation鈥檚 present trajectory is unsustainable, both economically and environmentally. If China is to continue its remarkable development, it must transform itself from an exporter of cheap manufactured goods built to western blueprints into what its leaders call an 鈥渋nnovation nation鈥� 鈥� able to sustain its growth through home-grown ingenuity. So they are pouring huge sums into science, particularly at the applied end of hot fields like nanotechnology and renewable energy. China鈥檚 spending on research and development has more than doubled in the past five years, and official plans call for a further rise 鈥� from 1.34 per cent of GDP in 2005 to 2.5 per cent by 2020.
If the plan bears fruit, some of the innovations that will be needed to solve global problems are likely to come from China. Already, top Chinese researchers and entrepreneurs trained abroad are returning to their homeland in unprecedented numbers. They are emphatic about one thing: wanting China to be able to stand with the US and other leading nations as an equal partner.
Can China really reinvent itself as a lean, green technological superpower? Will the rural poor get left behind as the urban middle class reaps the benefits of rapid economic growth? Or will the economic miracle falter or even collapse? And can the Communist Party maintain its grip on power through it all? Will it ultimately be an engine of reform, or an obstacle to change? Will China eventually embrace democracy as it is practised in the west? Or does conflict lie ahead?
These are interesting times in China. Talk to westerners who live there and you will hear the refrain: 鈥淭he longer I stay, the more I realise that I don鈥檛 understand.鈥� So rather than trying to provide a top-down view of what China is all about, we sent our reporters across the country with a simple brief: profile fascinating people and compelling projects to give a snapshot of a superpower in the making. We also asked a leading China-watcher to comment on what it鈥檚 like to be governed by a Politburo of engineers.
Over the following 22 pages you鈥檒l meet an observant Muslim who grows grapes in the province that borders Kazakhstan, a science writer who moonlights as a fraudbuster, and entrepreneurs in Beijing who are giving the internet a Chinese flavour. Along the way you鈥檒l learn of an epidemic of spinal injury, China鈥檚 ambitions to build the world鈥檚 first quantum computer, and a growing debate over whether the notorious 鈥渙ne-child policy鈥� needs to be relaxed. There is some good news, some bad news, and more than a few surprises.
If you care about the future, you should care about China. If you want to see its future in the making, you really should visit. Failing that, let us be your guide.
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China special: The backbone of spinal research
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China special: Exposing the science charlatans
China special: Beyond the Great Firewall
China special: Quantum revolution
China special: Engineers rule, OK?
