Ethanol fuel made from corn may be being 鈥渄angerously oversold鈥� as a green energy solution according to a .
The report concludes that the rapidly growing and heavily subsidised corn ethanol industry in the US will cause significant environmental damage without significantly reducing the country鈥檚 dependence on fossil fuels.
鈥淭here are smarter solutions than rushing straight to corn-based ethanol,鈥� says Scott Cullen of the (NNEC) and a co-author of the study. 鈥淚t鈥檚 just one piece of a more complex puzzle.鈥�
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The report analyses hundreds of previous studies, and was compiled by the environmental advocacy groups , NNEC and the . The study was released as the US Congress debates key agriculture and energy laws that will determine biofuel policy for years to come.
Rapid growth
Of the country鈥檚 entire corn crop for 2007, 27% is earmarked for biofuels. That figure is up from 20% in 2006 and is beginning to put a squeeze on corn for food production.
Yet, even if all corn grown in the US was used for fuel, it would only offset 15% of the country鈥檚 gasoline use, according to the study. The same reduction could be achieved by a 3.5-mile-per-gallon increase in fuel efficiency standards for all cars and light trucks, according a federal figures cited in the report.
And using corn-derived ethanol does not necessarily even reduce greenhouse gas emissions. A number of recent studies have attempted to assess the total carbon footprint 鈥� from the field to the tailpipe 鈥� of the biofuel. Conclusions vary widely from being worse than gasoline to being about the same.
The report includes a (PDF), concluding that corn ethanol could reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 18% to 28%.
The same study, however, also notes that could reduce emissions by 87% compared to gasoline. Cellulosic ethanol produces fuel from non-food sources such as prairie grasses and woody plants, but production is still under development.
鈥楧ead zones鈥�
Further concerns are contained in a (PDF), cited in the report. It says the development of a corn-based ethanol market would only exacerbate problems already associated with large-scale corn production.
Such problems include groundwater depletion, soil erosion, algae blooms, and the formation of 鈥渄ead zones鈥� in waterways inundated with pesticide and fertilizer runoff.
鈥淐orn-based ethanol hasn鈥檛 been pursued because this is the best solution, it鈥檚 been because this has been what鈥檚 been pushed the hardest,鈥� Cullen says. The recent survey notes that Archer Daniels Midland, the largest US ethanol producer, received $10 billion in federal subsidies between 1980 and 1997.
But Brian Jennings, of the trade group, the , disagrees. 鈥淲e can release papers until we are blue in the face about what is theoretically going to be the best alternative to reduce our dependence on fossil fuels and to reduce carbon emissions,鈥� he says. 鈥淏ut, from a practical standpoint, we have to start somewhere, and corn-based ethanol is the most viable alternative fuel on the planet today.鈥�
The current Farm Bill, which provides $16.5 billion in federal agricultural subsidies each year, will expire in September 2007. Proposals for a are likely to include significant subsidies for the continued development of both corn-based ethanol and cellulosic ethanol.
