See our online special report The most extreme lifeforms in the universe
A bug discovered deep in a goldmine and nicknamed 鈥渢he bold traveller鈥� has got astrobiologists buzzing with excitement. Its unique ability to live in complete isolation of any other living species suggests it could be the key to life on other planets.
A community of the bacteria Candidatus Desulforudis audaxviator has been discovered 2.8 kilometres beneath the surface of the Earth in fluid-filled cracks of the Mponeng goldmine in South Africa. Its 60 掳C home is completely isolated from the rest of the world, and devoid of light and oxygen.
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of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, California, studied the genes found in samples of the fluid to identify the organisms living within it, expecting to find a mix of species. Instead, he found that 99.9% of the DNA belonged to one bacterium, a new species. The remaining DNA was contamination from the mine and the laboratory.
鈥淭he fact that the community contains only one species stands one of the basic tenets of microbial ecology on its head,鈥� says , director of the NASA Astrobiology Institute, who was not involved in Chivian鈥檚 DNA analysis. An Institute team led by scientists from Indiana University and Princeton University made the .
Evolutionary biologist E O Wilson says the discovery is so important he will at once begin to mention it in his lectures on biodiversity.
Lonely bug
A community of a single species is almost unheard of in the microbial world. It means the ecosystem鈥檚 only species must extract everything it needs from an otherwise dead environment.
鈥淰irtually all other known ecosystems on Earth that don鈥檛 use sunlight directly do use some product of photosynthesis,鈥� says Pilcher.
Deep-sea vent communities, for instance, are too far down to directly use sunlight but they do use oxygen dissolved in seawater, and that oxygen is produced by photosynthesising plankton at the surface.
Chivian鈥檚 analysis shows that D. audaxviator gets its energy from the radioactive decay of uranium in the surrounding rocks. It has genes to extract carbon from dissolved carbon dioxide and other genes to fix nitrogen, which comes from the surrounding rocks. Both carbon and nitrogen are essential building blocks for life as we know it, and are used in the building blocks of proteins, amino acids. D. audaxviator has genes to produce all the amino acids it needs.
D. audaxviator can also protect itself from environmental hazards by forming endospores 鈥� tough shells that protect its DNA and RNA from drying out, toxic chemicals and from starvation. It has a flagellum to help it navigate.
Ancient origins?
鈥淥ne question that has arisen when considering the capacity of other planets to support life is whether organisms can exist independently, without access even to the Sun,鈥� says Chivian. 鈥淭he answer is yes and here鈥檚 the proof. It鈥檚 philosophically exciting to know that everything necessary for life can be packed into a single genome.鈥�
, of NASA鈥檚 Ames Research Center says that D. audaxviator is an amazing discovery, and represents the kind or organism that could survive below the surface of Mars or Saturn鈥檚 sixth largest moon Enceladus.
Some of the bacterium鈥檚 genes appear to be inherited from a related species. Others have been found in archaea, a group of organisms evolutionarily distinct from bacteria. Chivian says D. audaxviator may have evolved as it travelled down through the cracks in the rock, and acquired archaea genes through horizontal gene transfer from populations it crossed on its way down.
鈥淚t can鈥檛 handle oxygen,鈥� he says. This suggests it has not been exposed to pure oxygen for a long time. The water in which D. audaxviator lives has not seen the light of day in over 3 million years, and this could be an indication of how old the species is.
In fact, the species got its name from its long journey towards the centre of the Earth. In Jules Verne鈥檚 , the fictional Professor Lindenbrock鈥檚 journey is triggered by the following message in Latin: 鈥�descende, Audax viator, et terrestre centrum attinges鈥� 鈥� meaning 鈥渄escend, bold traveller, and attain the center of the Earth鈥�.
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See our online special report The most extreme lifeforms in the universe
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