If the deeply devout seem less self-doubting than others, perhaps it鈥檚 because religion helps them shrug off mistakes. So say researchers who found religious people exhibit lower activity than non-believers in a brain region linked to anxiety when erring on a simple test.
鈥淩eligion offers an interpretative framework to understand the world. It lets you know when to act, how to act, and what to do in specific situation,鈥� says
, a neuroscientist at the University of Toronto, Scarborough, who led the new study. 鈥淚t provides a kind of blueprint on how to interact with the world.鈥�
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Religion 鈥� and perhaps other strongly held belief systems 鈥� buffer against second-guessing decisions, he says.
Anxiety zone
Inzlicht鈥檚 team tested 50 university students from diverse religious and cultural backgrounds. Christians made up most participants, but his team also tested Muslims, Hindus, Buddhists and atheists.
With a technique that gauges brain activity via dozens of electrodes on the scalp called electroencephalography (EEG), Inzlicht鈥檚 team focused on action in a small brain area called the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC).
鈥淲hen it鈥檚 fired, the response engendered is 鈥榰h oh, pay attention, something is amiss here鈥�,鈥� he says (see also Magic reveals the brain鈥檚 response to the impossible).
People with anxiety disorders tend to show high activity in this region, and drugs that treat their symptoms calm brain activity in the ACC.
Blue, no, yellow!
Volunteers took a simple test that other neuroscientists have used to measure ACC activity.
On a monitor, subjects see a colour spelled out in letters that either correspond to or contradict the meaning of the word 鈥� for example, red spelled out in red letters or blue spelled out in yellow letters, for instance. Volunteers must press a button to indicate the colour of the letters.
The students with strong religious beliefs, as measured by their agreement with statements such as 鈥淢y religion is better than others鈥� or 鈥淚 would support a war if my religion supported it鈥�, exhibited less ACC activation than students with less fervent beliefs.
Tests with another group of students, who were asked how strongly they believed or disbelieved in God, came to a similar conclusion.
Even after accounting for self-esteem, intelligence and other personality traits, Inzlicht鈥檚 team found that religious devotion predicted volunteers鈥� ACC activity.
Blissful beliefs?
One explanation is that people with a genetic predisposition to reduced ACC activity gravitate toward religion. 鈥淚t鈥檚 possible that if you鈥檙e born with a certain kind of brain, you鈥檙e predisposed to religion,鈥� Inzlicht says.
However, he suspects that religious belief is driving the association. In unpublished experiments, Inzlicht鈥檚 team asked religious volunteers to describe in writing either their faith or their favourite season. Those who wrote about their connection to God exhibited reduced ACC activation, compared with people who described the weather.
Inzlicht says it would be interesting to test people as their religious devotion strengthens or weakens over time to see if ACC activation changes accordingly. This could help confirm the correct explanation for the lower ACC activity.
鈥淚t鈥檚 a very provocative finding and it is consistent with a lot of other things we know about religion鈥� says , a psychologist at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver. This might explain why religious belief seems to blunt feelings of anxiety.
Although Inzlicht has focused on religion, he thinks other forms of belief may offer the same kind of reassurance. A previous study that used similar methods found that politically conservative Americans exhibit less ACC activation than liberals.
Keen sports fans devoted to their home team may also see the world through a framework that assuages day-to-day concerns and confusion, Inzlicht says.
Yet religious belief offers one thing that sports and politics don鈥檛. 鈥淚 think religion offers the ultimate explanation,鈥� Inzlicht says, 鈥渇or what happens after we leave.鈥�
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