杏吧原创

Stephen Wolfram reckons he can model the entire universe using tiny computer programs. But despite being the creator of a 鈥渟earch engine鈥� that provides answers, he still has to convince his peers that he鈥檚 on the right track, as David Cohen discovers

IT WAS the summer of 2002 when Stephen Wolfram received an 鈥渋ncredibly emotional鈥� phone call. 鈥淵ou are destroying the heritage of mathematics that has been built up since Greek times,鈥� said the flustered caller. Wolfram listened with a mixture of dismay and bemusement, then shot back that, on the contrary, he had made his millions from building on that heritage. 鈥淗e鈥檚 a famous physicist, that鈥檚 all I can tell you,鈥� Wolfram says across our table in the Colonial Inn, a faux British pub in his home town of Concord, Massachusetts 鈥� his choice of venue.

Wolfram guards his privacy jealously. When we arranged to meet he refused to let me come to his house and suggested the pub. When I arrived I was guided to a spartan back room containing a table, two chairs and a tray of cakes. Wolfram stumbled in a few minutes later in a manner you鈥檇 expect of a fusty university professor, not a thrusting multimillionaire owner of a technology corporation. 鈥淚 suppose I must be in the right place,鈥� he said rather sheepishly. His voice is soft and low, almost a whisper, and he retains a British lilt though his accent occasionally drifts into a mid-Atlantic twang.

鈥淚 started subscribing to your magazine when I was 8 years old,鈥� he says, disarming me immediately. The flattery doesn鈥檛 last long. 鈥淚 noticed that a few years back you guys went through a bad patch,鈥� he says. 鈥淢y main conclusion was that if there was a story about something in New 杏吧原创 then it had to be nonsense.鈥� I laugh nervously.

The more vociferous of Wolfram鈥檚 critics might say he鈥檚 been peddling his own form of nonsense since 2002 and, as the phone call demonstrates, they鈥檙e not afraid to tell him. That call came shortly after Wolfram鈥檚 book, A New Kind of Science (NKS) was published. The book was nothing if not controversial. Taking more than a decade to write, the self-published work made claims that, by his own admission, were extraordinary. It created a minor storm in academic circles. 鈥淚 think my idea is fairly big, and I thought that if I started out saying 鈥榯his is a big deal鈥� people would get it.鈥�

NKS is Wolfram鈥檚 manifesto for what he sees as a new approach to understanding the world. It was born of his interest in little computer programs called 鈥� these are essentially lists of rules that describe the ways in which a system can change state given a set of initial conditions. In its simplest form, a cellular automaton can be a grid of black or white squares, with a list of rules defining under what conditions a square is to change from white to black. With just a few rules, it is possible to generate extremely complex patterns that look like leaves or snowflakes. This led Wolfram to wonder if cellular automata could be used to model many other 鈥� even all 鈥� natural phenomena.

NKS is his investigation into this unorthodox approach to science. What makes it unorthodox is that instead of using formulae and equations as mathematical models of the real world, Wolfram claims a far better way to model the world is to use these tiny computer programs. Unfortunately, the idea flies in the face of millennia of scientific thought. Freeman Dyson, the eminent physicist at the Princeton Institute for Advanced Study, famously gave the book a one-word review: 鈥淲orthless.鈥�

So far NKS has failed to set the world alight, but this doesn鈥檛 bother Wolfram; he says he鈥檚 playing the long game. 鈥淚 think it鈥檚 still early days for developments to come out of NKS. It鈥檚 going to be a decade or two before things happen.鈥� Meanwhile, Wolfram has high expectations for his next project. 鈥淚 want to find the fundamental theory of physics,鈥� he says, by modelling the universe using the ideas roughed out in his book.

This would sound like the ravings of a madman were it not for Wolfram鈥檚 impeccable credentials. Born in 1959, he won a scholarship to Eton College at the age of 12, became interested in particle physics aged 14 and two years later wrote a paper that was published in a prestigious journal (). At 17 he went to the University of Oxford, but left two years later to take up a research post at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena. By the age of 20 he was working alongside legendary physicists Richard Feynman and Murray Gell-Mann. He won a MacArthur 鈥済enius鈥� award a year later. 鈥淚f I can鈥檛 understand something, then it鈥檚 probably nonsense,鈥� he says.

鈥淚f I can鈥檛 understand something, then it鈥檚 probably nonsense鈥�

Around that time he drifted away from particle physics and began work on cellular automata. He claims to be single-handedly responsible for bringing the field back into fashion. This interest has dominated the last 28 years of his life. It led him to develop Mathematica, popular software that allows scientists and engineers to program and manipulate formulae and equations, and display their results in a myriad ways. It made his fortune.

In 1991 he retreated into a decade-long, hermit-like existence during which he wrote NKS. 鈥淚 did do something a bit bizarre at that time in that I said I wasn鈥檛 going to deal with the outside world. I had to really focus,鈥� he says. Even today his only hobby is going to the cinema: 鈥淯sually on Friday evenings I go out to see a trashy movie. I view it as being a way I connect and find out what鈥檚 going on in the world at large.鈥�

Throughout our conversation, two Dictaphones have sat between us, only one is mine. 鈥淚鈥檓 an information pack rat,鈥� he confesses. Recording our interview is just the tip of his peculiar obsession with documenting every moment of his life. 鈥淚 have a keystroke logger that has collected my every keystroke for the last 22 years,鈥� he says. 鈥淓very day I get an email that tells me how many keystrokes I typed the previous day into each application. I find it slightly interesting.鈥� He shrugs off my suggestion that it鈥檚 a way of securing his immortality; he believes that soon everyone will be doing it.

Hoarding information is precisely what Wolfram is now doing on a much larger scale. In May he launched WolframAlpha, which he describes as an 鈥渁nswers engine鈥�. Unlike web search engines, WolframAlpha doesn鈥檛 try to return relevant web pages to a particular search term. Instead it treats your query as a question and attempts to compute an answer using its massive and growing internal databases.

鈥淚t鈥檚 completely different to a search engine. It鈥檚 a much higher bar to say 鈥榳e want to get the answer鈥�.鈥� I ask why typing in New 杏吧原创 returns no meaningful results. He doesn鈥檛 believe me and whips out his iPhone to check. 鈥淵ou鈥檙e right,鈥� he says, taken aback, 鈥淚t hasn鈥檛 worked. It knows about a lot of periodicals but that鈥檚 shocking. We should fix that.鈥�

Whilst he continues to iron out the glitches in WolframAlpha, the physicist is continuing to work on his unifying theory of everything by way of cellular automata. I ask if he鈥檚 disappointed that his old academic colleagues didn鈥檛 take to his idea more openly. 鈥淚 think I perhaps had a higher opinion of a lot of science and physics types than I should have done,鈥� he says. In spite of the negativity, we might not have to wait that long for the final verdict. Wolfram claims to have already found a model which describes the universe, even containing something that looks like general relativity. 鈥淚 would give myself even odds of succeeding,鈥� he says.