Signs of what could be a previously unknown ancient civilisation are emerging from beneath the felled trees of the Amazon. Some 260 giant avenues, ditches and enclosures have been spotted from the air in a region straddling Brazil鈥檚 border with Bolivia.
The traditional view is that before the arrival of the Spanish and Portuguese in the 15th century there were no complex societies in the Amazon basin 鈥� in contrast to the Andes further west where the Incas built their cities. Now deforestation, increased air travel and satellite imagery are telling a different story.
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鈥淚t鈥檚 never-ending,鈥� says of the Federal University of Par谩 in Bel茅m, Brazil, who made many of the new discoveries from planes or by examining Google Earth images. 鈥淓very week we find new structures.鈥� Some of them are square or rectangular, while others form concentric circles or complex geometric figures such as hexagons and octagons connected by avenues or roads. The researchers describe them all as geoglyphs.
Garden villages
Their discovery, in an area of northern Bolivia and western Brazil, follows other recent reports of vast sprawls of interconnected villages known as 鈥�garden cities鈥� in north central Brazil, dating from around AD 1400. But the structures unearthed at the garden city sites are not as consistently similar or geometric as the geoglyphs, Schaan says.
鈥淚 firmly believe that the garden cities of Xingu and the geoglyphs were not directly related,鈥� says Martti P盲rssinen of the Finnish Cultural and Academic Institutes in Madrid, Spain, who works with Schaan. 鈥淣evertheless, both discoveries demonstrate that [upland] areas of western Amazonia were heavily populated much before the European incursion.鈥�
The geoglyphs are formed by ditches up to 11 metres wide and 1 to 2 metres deep. They range from 90 to 300 metres in diameter and are thought to date from around 2000 years ago up to the 13th century.
Human habitation
Excavations have unearthed ceramics, grinding stones and other signs of human habitation at some of the sites but not at others. This suggests that some had purely ceremonial roles, while others may also have been used for defence.
Unusually for defensive structures, however, earth was piled up outside the ditches, and they are also highly symmetrical. 鈥淲hen you think about defence you鈥檙e just building a wall or a trench,鈥� says Schaan. 鈥淵ou don鈥檛 have to do calculations to make it so round or square.鈥� Many of the structures are oriented to the north, and the team is investigating whether they might have had astronomical significance.
鈥淢any of the great early civilisations had a riverine basis and the Amazon has long been underestimated and overlooked in that sense,鈥� says , head of the Americas section at the British Museum in London.
Successful societies
Though there is no evidence that the Amazonians built pyramids or invented written language as societies in ancient Egypt or Mesopotamia did, 鈥渋n terms of a trend towards increasing social complexity and domestication of the landscape, this wasn鈥檛 just a pristine forest with isolated nomadic tribes鈥�, McEwan adds. 鈥淭hese were substantive, sedentary and in the long term very successful cultures.鈥�
While some Inca sites lie just 200 kilometres west of the geoglyphs, no Inca objects have been found at the new sites. Neither do they seem to have anything in common with Peru鈥檚 Nasca geoglyphs.
鈥淚 have no doubt that this is only scratching the surface,鈥� says of the French Institute for Andean Studies in Lima, Peru. 鈥淭he scale of pre-Columbian societies in Amazonia is only slowly coming to light and we are going to be amazed at the numbers of people who lived there, but also in a highly sustainable fashion. Sadly, the economic development and forest clearance that is revealing these pre-Columbian settlement patterns is also the threat to having enough time to properly understand them.鈥�
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