杏吧原创

Does it matter that we often experience the natural world through technology? Peter Kahn untangles our tangled and evolving relationship with nature

You study 鈥渢echnological nature鈥�. What do you mean by that?
It鈥檚 technology that mediates our experience of nature: TV wildlife programmes, online games such as , in which players plant and harvest virtual crops, digital projections of wood fires and skies for our homes, robotic dogs and electronic pets such as Tamagotchi. Technological nature is becoming increasingly sophisticated and pervasive. At the same time, we鈥檙e destroying real nature very fast. These trends are transforming our existence. I want to find out what they mean for us, as human beings, what we gain and lose.

What got you interested in technological nature?
I was inspired by a study that set out to discover whether a view through a window influenced patients鈥� recovery after surgery. of Texas A&M University found that people in a room overlooking a natural scene took less pain relief medication and left the hospital quicker than those with a view of a wall. It showed, empirically, a strong effect of nature on our lives. That鈥檚 when I started wondering: OK, that鈥檚 real nature compared with a brick wall 鈥� what if we got a technological representation of that natural scene? This led to my 鈥渞oom with a view鈥� study.

Tell me about your 鈥渞oom with a view鈥� study鈥�
Participants were assigned to one of three rooms. One had a window looking onto a beautiful nature scene. Another had no window but a 50-inch plasma display showing a high quality, real-time digital feed of the same scene, and the third just had blank walls. We asked the participants to carry out a series of tasks, while monitoring various physiological markers. For example, every time we asked them to do a new task their heart rate went up. We looked at how they recovered from this stress.

Did the people show different stress responses?
People in the room with a real window recovered from stress faster than those without, but there was no difference between the rooms with the screen and blank walls. If anything, I was expecting the technological nature window to be in-between: not as good as a real view, but better than nothing. Even though it looked like a window, it didn鈥檛 confer the physiological or psychological benefits of a view of real nature. Technologists might argue that this is simply because the technology isn鈥檛 far enough developed, and as yet there is no knock-out argument against this.

So what did you do next?
We put screens showing natural scenes in windowless offices for a six-week period. People loved the 鈥渨indows鈥�. Every one of the participants wanted them back after they were removed. Compared with no exposure to nature at all, the technological nature window came out looking good.

You鈥檝e also studied robotic pets. How do people react to them?
Keeping pets in urban settings can be difficult, so in coming decades there is going to be a push towards robotic pets, especially as roboticists improve their designs. Using Sony鈥檚 robot dog Aibo, we studied how children interact with robotic dogs, compared with stuffed toy dogs and real dogs.

Our findings were mixed. In one study, about two-thirds of the children attributed mental states and moral status to Aibo, but said exactly the same things about the stuffed dog. Data about how the children actually interacted with the dogs suggested that they were not pretending when they engaged socially and morally with the robotic dog, but they were with the stuffed one. In another study, the children clearly differentiated between Aibo and a real dog, but they still related to the robot in a way that was very doglike.

The children in your study were aware that the robotic dog wasn鈥檛 real, but might this change in the future?
Yes. The question of what is real will become more important in the decades ahead, when technological nature becomes increasingly sophisticated and responsive to us. Eventually there might be a new ontological category of beings, that are both alive and not alive at the same time.

Isn鈥檛 it important, though, for humans to interact and be in contact with real nature?
Leaving aside the relationship between our physical well-being and nature, there is an even bigger question about our relationship with nature and what it means to live a deeply meaningful life. For example, what does it mean to us as humans if light pollution prevents us from experiencing the night skies? That is a hard thing to measure, but nevertheless it is important that we try to measure it.

How could being divorced from real nature directly affect us?
This goes back to the biophilia hypothesis, advocated by the biologist E.聽O. Wilson, namely, that humans have a hard-wired disposition to affiliate with the natural world. One of the questions that I deal with in my new book is whether experiencing real nature is still a necessary part of the architecture of our bodies and brains. If it is, then yes, we still need to experience nature directly. Personally, I think this is true. It鈥檚 not that we need any single experience, but as we start losing hundreds of experiences with the natural world, then we start hurting ourselves, I think, quite badly.

鈥淲hen we lose hundreds of experiences with nature, we hurt ourselves badly鈥�

Won鈥檛 we just adapt to a new kind of relationship with nature?
I鈥檝e had many discussions with people who say that, yes, things are getting worse for us environmentally, but we鈥檙e an adaptive species so we鈥檒l simply adapt. I argue, however, that just because we do adapt, it doesn鈥檛 mean we鈥檙e going to adapt well. If you put us in prison, we would adapt. We wouldn鈥檛 die, but we wouldn鈥檛 do well. I think that as we continue to degrade nature and distance ourselves from it, we are adapting, but I don鈥檛 think we are necessarily thriving 鈥� we鈥檙e like animals in a zoo.

So we may adapt to 鈥渢echnological nature鈥� but you are pessimistic that it will ever truly mimic our experiences of real nature?
I think that in most cases, technological nature is probably better than no nature, but not as good as the real thing. That鈥檚 the take-away message from my research so far. The analogy I use is from E.聽M. Forster鈥檚 1909 short story The Machine Stops, in which, in a future world, people live underground. A mother talks to her son by videoconference. She thinks it is 鈥済ood enough鈥� to be able to communicate with him at all, whereas the son yearns to see her in person, recognising all the nuances that have been lost in the digitally mediated form of communication.

Is there a way of not losing the nuances that come from direct experience of real nature?
Eventually, humans will be able to design technology offering substantive nature-like experiences. But my research tells me that, just as in Forster鈥檚 story, these will always be diminished compared with real nature. If this is true, then we should think of technological nature as a bonus, not as a substitute. Otherwise we might come to believe, as we have already to some degree, that 鈥済ood enough鈥� is 鈥済ood鈥�.