杏吧原创

In The Wild Life of Our Bodies, biologist Rob Dunn argues that our modern separation from other species causes more harm than good

THERE has been no shortage of nostalgia for the 鈥済ood old days鈥� of human prehistory, when our hunter-gatherer ancestors lived in ecological harmony with nature, roaming savannahs instead of cramped in office chairs. In The Wild Life of Our Bodies, Rob Dunn shares the view of modern human life as a paradise lost, but the loss he laments is not merely of a vague sense of being one with nature. What we have sacrificed, he argues, is a physical connection with the species that shaped our bodies 鈥� from our physique to the immune system.

As humans became urban and industrial, we also separated ourselves from other species. Pets aside, we have laboured to rid our houses and cities of creatures 鈥� not just visible predators and pests but also the microbes on our countertops and hands. Some of these steps were sensible acts of self-preservation, but others were driven by an ideology of humans as separate from nature. Dunn, a biologist at North Carolina State University as well as a science journalist, catalogues the dangers of that ideology.

To illustrate how species influence one another鈥檚 evolution, he points to the pronghorn, a small antelope-like mammal in North America that runs inexplicably fast. The pronghorn鈥檚 speed, Dunn says, only makes sense if you consider the large predators that once hunted it. The 鈥減ronghorn principle鈥� also applies to the human body. We too are 鈥渉aunted by ghosts鈥� of parasites, pathogens and predators that shaped our evolution.

Dunn makes the case that the influence of these ghosts can be seen in our immune systems. He highlights early evidence suggesting that chronic inflammatory diseases of modern society, such as Crohn鈥檚 disease, diabetes and asthma, could be alleviated by repopulating our bodies with the parasites we evolved with. Our bodies rely so much on gut bacteria that we even give them a safe house in the form of the appendix, Dunn points out, yet our love for antibiotics could be undermining this important relationship.

Dunn also highlights research that shows how we are shaped by the species we have eaten 鈥� and that once ate us. Our brains are still wired to avoid predators we no longer encounter: our adrenal system responds to modern daily stresses as if they were mortal threats, for example, and one theory holds that our acute vision may have evolved specifically to avoid venomous snakes. Meanwhile, as we domesticated plants and animals in our quest for survival, we too became domesticated, evolving the ability to drink cows鈥� milk and break down the starch in grains more efficiently.

Dunn makes the case for these connections through detours and anecdotes, with lively stories of patients and scientists, and research spanning archaeology, field biology, medicine, ecology and microbiology. The elaborate fungus farms of leafcutter ant colonies, for instance, become a metaphor for understanding how we humans cultivate bacteria with our immune systems. By drawing connections between work that seems unrelated, Dunn repeatedly drives home his key point: we ignore the lessons of ecology at our peril. By trying to separate ourselves from nature, we have tricked ourselves into believing we are self-sufficient.

鈥淏y separating from nature, we have tricked ourselves into believing that we are self-sufficient鈥�

Looking for a better way forward, Dunn is practical. Rather than issue a blanket call for 鈥渕ore nature鈥�, he advocates applying the lessons of studying our own ecology. Instead of surrounding ourselves only with the plants and animals we find most appealing, we also need to be aware of creatures that help keep our instincts sharp, and species like worms and bacteria that keep our immune systems in check.

Dunn doesn鈥檛 go so far as to suggest letting predators loose in Central Park, but he does argue for more diversity in the species we interact with and eat. As he writes, 鈥淲hat is missing from our lives is not nature, but a kind of nature that most benefits us鈥�.