A draft of a major report on climate change, due to be published next year, has been leaked online.
Climate sceptics immediately claimed it contains an admission that much of global warming is a result of the sun鈥檚 variability, not greenhouse gas emissions. In fact, the report says nothing of the sort. It does, however, show that our understanding of the climate is shifting. And while some future threats now seem less likely, others loom larger.
The report is the latest from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), which releases detailed assessments of climate science every few years. Its last major report came out in 2007, and the next is scheduled to be published, section by section, from September 2013 onwards.
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A draft version was by , a US blogger who signed up to be an expert reviewer of the next report 鈥� something anyone can do.
Rawls highlights a paragraph on page聽43 of , which he claims undermines the report鈥檚 main conclusion 鈥� that human activity is the main driver of climate change.
The key sentence examines evidence of the link between the sun鈥檚 activity and climate. It concludes that the link is slightly stronger than previously thought. This suggests positive feedbacks within the climate must make the sun鈥檚 influence a little larger to fully explain how it affects Earth鈥檚 climate. Rawls interprets this as an admission that the sun is actually a significant driver of climate change.
Climate scientists are lining up to debunk this claim. 鈥淭hey鈥檙e misunderstanding, either deliberately or otherwise, what that sentence is meant to say,鈥� says of Imperial College London, who studies the effect of solar activity on the Earth.
The sun has little effect on global temperatures over human timescales, she says, although 鈥� perhaps confusingly 鈥� it does have a relatively strong effect on some regions, particularly Europe (New 杏吧原创, 25 September 2010, p聽10).
Rawls鈥檚 would-be revelations actually draw attention away from some much more interesting and surprising conclusions in the draft report.
For one thing, the IPCC has changed its 2007 prediction on droughts. Then, it concluded that a world beset by more intense droughts was 鈥渓ikely鈥�. But the authors of the new report have taken heed of recent criticisms that the statistical measure of drought favoured by climatologists is unreliable.
The draft quotes studies that show recent 鈥渄ecreasing trends in the duration, intensity and severity of drought globally鈥�.
Another common expectation of a warmer world also bites the dust: more frequent tropical cyclones. In 2007, the IPCC said there had been a 鈥渓ikely鈥� increase in tropical cyclones since 1970, which was 鈥渕ore likely than not鈥� due to global warming raising sea temperatures.
But the new report backtracks. 鈥淭he [previous] assessment needs to be somewhat revised,鈥� it says. After a review of past cyclone counts, it concludes that 鈥渢ropical cyclone data provides low confidence that any reported long-term changes are robust鈥�. There is evidence, however, that the average intensity of cyclones will rise in the years ahead.
Elsewhere, the report reassures us that the ocean circulation, and with it the Gulf Stream, is 鈥渦nlikely鈥� to collapse in the coming centuries 鈥� a doomsday scenario that was 鈥渢oo early to assess鈥� in 2007.
We now have a better picture of the extent to which smogs and other human-made aerosols in the atmosphere shade us from the worst of global warming. The draft says their cooling effect is 40 per cent less than thought in 2007, suggesting this side effect of air pollution has been overstated. That is good news. Less cooling from aerosols means there is less masked warming waiting in the wings for when the skies are eventually cleaned by pollution regulation. It also means the climate is less sensitive to rising levels of greenhouse gases than some have feared.
Other conclusions are more sobering. The report is pessimistic about Arctic sea ice, which hit a record low in September. The IPCC says the Arctic may see ice-free summers by 2100. Even that is too rosy a picture for many climatologists, who expect ice-free summers before 2050.
The IPCC also predicts greater sea-level rise than it did in 2007, as it now includes models of ice-sheet movements.
The draft report says it is 鈥渧ery likely鈥� that the past three decades have all been warmer than any time in the past 800 years; that we could see almost 9聽掳C of warming by 2300; and that 鈥渁 large fraction of climate change is largely irreversible on human timescales鈥�.
The details of the picture may have changed, but it is still largely bleak.
This article was edited on 25 January 2013 to accurately reflect the implications of the aerosol finding. The originally published versions of the edited paragraphs are reproduced below.
However, it is pessimistic about Arctic sea ice, which hit a record low in September. The IPCC says the Arctic may see ice-free summers by 2100. Even that is too rosy a picture for many climatologists, who expect ice-free summers before 2050.
Other conclusions are also more sobering. The IPCC is predicting greater sea level rise than it did in 2007, as it now includes models of ice sheet movements. And we now have a gloomier picture of the extent to which smogs and other human-made aerosols in the atmosphere shade us from the worst of global warming. This is still a big uncertainty in temperature forecasting. The draft says their cooling effect is 40聽per cent less than thought in 2007, suggesting this positive side effect of air pollution has been overstated.
The report says it is 鈥渧ery likely鈥� that the past three decades have all been warmer than any time in the past 800 years; that we could see almost 9聽掳C of warming by 2300; and that 鈥渁 large fraction of climate change is largely irreversible on human timescales鈥�.
