Editorial: 鈥�Horsemeat scandal should make us rethink how we eat鈥�
EATEN many burgers lately? Horsemeat has been masquerading as beef for at least a few months 鈥� probably longer 鈥� in the UK, and the scandal is spreading, as European governments point the finger at each other.
These problems are not new 鈥� food fraud is rife in the fishing industry, and rice, olive oil and other products have been plagued by substitution issues. Yet there are easy solutions. DNA databases and the falling cost of sequencing can close the holes in our food chain. And this may be a prime time to reconsider our prejudices about what is palatable and what鈥檚 not (see 鈥�You鈥檙e already eating insect heads鈥�).
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After tests in Ireland found horsemeat in 鈥渂eef鈥� burgers sold in several supermarket chains, the UK鈥檚 Food Standards Agency (FSA) last week demanded that all food businesses test their beef products by 15 February, to give an idea of how widespread the problem is. 鈥淚 highly suspect there will be more horsemeat discovered,鈥� says Liz Moran, president of the , whose scientists will be doing much of the analysis.
For now, the FSA is only looking for horsemeat, but other animals may be out there, says Moran. Donkeys and rabbits are more likely than rodents and pets, she says. 鈥淢any local authorities don鈥檛 do meat testing from year to year. By law, companies have an obligation of due diligence that their food is what they say it is, but some companies will do as little as they can get away with.鈥�
It is not yet clear where the horsemeat came from or why Ireland鈥檚 Food Safety Authority decided to test for horsemeat 鈥� since this is not routine. 鈥淚t may have been a tip-off,鈥� says Moran.
Tests do take place in the UK, but only when local authorities ask, or companies undertake the process themselves. Such tests look for proteins specific to beef, pork, poultry and lamb. They are relatively cheap, at about 拢50 per sample, but do not identify other animal sources. That is done by DNA analysis, which costs between 拢200 and 拢500 per sample. 鈥淭he vast majority of companies will rely on their suppliers鈥� paperwork and their suppliers will rely on their suppliers鈥� paperwork,鈥� says Moran. 鈥淭his can pass through eight or nine organisations. Anyone can produce good paperwork but unless you test every batch, slip-ups happen.鈥�
Retired racehorses
Difficulties in pinning down the exact source of the horsemeat make it difficult to say how safe it is to eat. The FSA says there are no known safety issues at present, but have ordered tests for the anti-inflammatory drug phenylbutazone, or 鈥渂ute鈥�.
鈥淲e consume foods with low levels of drug residues all the time,鈥� says Christopher Elliott, director of the Institute for Global Food Security at Queen鈥檚 University Belfast, UK. Bute is an exception. It is banned in food for human consumption in Europe and the US because of a rare but nasty side effect that can cause a bone marrow disorder called aplastic anaemia. 鈥淭his drug cannot be used in food-producing animals as there is a risk, albeit very small, of severe adverse reactions,鈥� says Elliot.
As New 杏吧原创 went to press, the FSA had not ordered tests for any other drug. But with allegations flying around that meat may have come from retired racehorses, tests for drugs like steroids 鈥� used illegally to boost growth 鈥� could be around the corner.
Still, Moran thinks the health risks associated with this are likely to be low. 鈥淚f drugs such as steroids were present in a high level in a wide range of products that people had been feeding to their kids for 10 years, then I would be concerned,鈥� she says. 鈥淏ut that鈥檚 fairly unlikely.鈥�
Other industries may offer solutions for the meat sector. 鈥淔ood substitution is rife in the fish industry,鈥� says at Dalhousie University, in Nova Scotia, Canada. Once fish is filleted and skinned, species can be difficult to distinguish. Last December, Oceana, a conservation organisation based in Washington DC, published . Of 142 samples from 81 retail outlets, it found 39 per cent were not what they claimed to be. Similar results came from Boston, Los Angeles and Miami.
The US Food and Drug Administration is taking action. It has published , which can be used to authenticate a sample at any point in the food chain. Other projects are in the pipeline. The being developed at the University of Guelph in Ontario, Canada, for example, has collected sequences for over 8000 fish species.
While fish substitution may not evoke as much of the 鈥測uck鈥� factor as horsemeat of dubious origin, it can have serious consequences. Efforts to conserve fish stocks rely on a fully traceable food chain. And Oceana鈥檚 study revealed that 94 per cent of 鈥渨hite tuna鈥� was not tuna at all, but escolar (Lepidocybium flavobrunneum). Consumption of more than 100 grams or so of this species causes severe diarrhoea.
DNA databases could be developed for meat too, says Bentzen. He says it costs just a few dollars to sequence a fish sample鈥檚 鈥済enomic barcode鈥� to identify its species. 鈥淚 can鈥檛 see any excuse,鈥� he says. 鈥淔or a widely distributed product there should be enough routine sampling that this flagrant and widespread substitution should simply not occur.鈥�
鈥淭here should be enough sampling that this flagrant substitution simply does not occur鈥�
Genetic testing can even make it possible to trace not only the country and farm a piece of beef comes from, but the individual animal. Given samples from every animal in a herd, Israeli company can create genetic barcodes for each one using a relatively cheap analysis of 25 single nucleotide polymorphisms 鈥� small variations in the genome sequence that are unique to each animal. The barcodes can then be used to track animals through the food chain.
While the FSA to work with the food industry to identify the best points in the supply chain to test authenticity of meat products, it remains to be seen whether companies will be willing to accept new regulation. 鈥淚n the short term, the FSA is likely to demand that meat suppliers do more DNA testing, but companies will be against that in the long term because it will push up the price of their product,鈥� says Moran. 鈥淔or low-grade foods, this just won鈥檛 happen.鈥�
The technology to help solve the problem is available and getting cheaper. Whether it is used is in the hands of industry and consumers.
You鈥檙e already eating insect heads
Horse is not high on the British diner鈥檚 wish list, so how about caterpillar?
Demand for meat protein is expected to rise by 70 to 80 per cent by 2050. In search for alternatives, Dennis Oonincx at Wageningen University in the Netherlands and colleagues showed in 2012 that producing a kilogram of protein from chicken, pork, beef or milk created more greenhouse gas emissions, required similar amounts of energy and used much more land than the same amount of protein from mealworms (PLoS One, ).
An estimated 80 per cent of the global population have bugs in their diet, says , a company seeking to persuade Westerners to eat more insects. Ento has been working with chefs to create attractive protein alternatives like waxworm caterpillars, which according to Bielschowsky taste like sausages when fresh, and pistachios when dried. Cricket p芒t茅 has been a surprising success in recent taste tests, she says.
Most insects are safe to eat and you have probably already tasted a few. The US Food and Drug Administration details the maximum level of 鈥渇oreign material鈥� 鈥� read insects 鈥� that can be included in foodstuffs without . Fig paste, for example, can safely contain up to 12 insect heads per 100 grams.
This article appeared in print under the headline 鈥淲hat鈥檚 on your plate?鈥�
