Our emails are a dead giveaway. The words we use in the messages we send can reveal not just our gender but also our emotions and maybe even our personality traits.
and colleagues from the , used sentiment analysis to uncover the feelings buried inside email. 鈥淚t鈥檚 an efficient way of generating data about the emotional content of huge amounts of text,鈥� says Mohammad. 鈥淭here鈥檚 been a lot of research based on positive and negative emotion, but with all this data available it makes sense to understand what we can learn from all the emotions.鈥�
The team created a huge 鈥渟entiment鈥� database using crowdsourcing by hiring workers for Amazon鈥檚 Mechanical Turk to pair 24,200 words with emotions 鈥� 鈥渋ce cream鈥� paired with 鈥渏oy鈥�, for instance, and 鈥済ardening鈥� with 鈥減eace鈥�. Comparing the words used in a corpus of 32,045 emails made public after the to this database, made it possible to assess emotional tone and how it varied with gender.
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The results showed a marked difference between sexes. Women had a tendency to use words relating to joy or sadness, while men favoured those associated with fear or trust. Both sexes used more joyous and cheerful words when writing to women, and men used more anticipatory language when writing to women, such as 鈥減repare鈥� or 鈥渉ope鈥�.
The team also tried to discern personality traits from emotional content. 鈥淚f you鈥檙e angry occasionally, that鈥檚 fine,鈥� explains Mohammad. 鈥淏ut if you鈥檙e angry all the time, it鈥檚 part of your personality.鈥� Armed with a different database of 585 emotions and associated words generated from tweets and hashtags, the team taught an algorithm to try and identify personality types from a short piece of written text.
Thousands of samples 鈥� short stream of consciousness essays, each judged by psychologists to represent one of the Big Five personality traits of extroversion, neuroticism, agreeability, conscientiousness or openness 鈥� were used to train the algorithm to match combinations of emotions to traits. When tested, its analyses of unseen essays agreed with the psychologists the majority of the time.
Predicting personality traits and gender of an otherwise anonymous individual could help spot warning signs of depression, the researchers claim, or even help with forensic analysis of online crime. But there鈥檚 an even bigger picture, too. 鈥淚f you wanted to know about how the latest iPhone release was received, deep emotional analysis of social media could provide incredibly rich insight,鈥� says Mohammad.
Further work is required before the findings can be used more widely. 鈥淥verall it鈥檚 very impressive and interesting research,鈥� says , at the University of Wolverhampton, UK. But he cautions that because the email data belonged to a very specific group of people, the results may not apply more widely.
Journal References: ,
Correction: When this article was first published on 27 September 2013, an error crept in. Analyses of unseen essays agreed with psychologists the majority of the time rather than 99 per cent of the time.
