Maya ruins are big business 鈥 a fact not lost on the Honduran tourist industry (Image: David Hiser/Getty)
Editorial: 鈥Playing make-believe with history is a risky business鈥
High politics meet big money and national pride on the Caribbean island of Roat谩n, where tourists flock to amazing Mayan ruins that no Maya ever saw
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THE collection of more than 150 bowls, plates and jars turned up in a closet at the University of South Florida in 2003. It had been gathering dust since 1990, when a family from Honduras had donated them to the anthropology department.
Since the boxes were labelled 鈥淢aya鈥, Christian Wells, an archaeologist at the university who had worked on a number of Maya sites in Central America, decided to take a look. What he saw took him by surprise.
The ceramics were known to have originated from Roat谩n, an island off the north coast of Honduras long associated with the Maya. But they were not Maya. They were, in fact, the handiwork of one of Honduras鈥檚 other indigenous peoples, the Pech.
Wells had worked in Honduras on and off for 17 years and knew the lay of the land. He contacted the Honduran Institute of Anthropology and History in Tegucigalpa to tell them about his find. And so his adventure in Roat谩n began.
The largest of Honduras鈥檚 Bay Islands, Roat谩n is a strip of tropical paradise in the Caribbean Sea. Its modern history began in 1502 when Christopher Columbus visited and claimed it for Spain, starting a long and oppressive colonial occupation that wiped out the native people within 150 years. But what preceded Columbus isn鈥檛 well known.
鈥淭he history of Roat谩n is very poorly documented,鈥 says , a professor of Latin American history at Trinity College in Hartford, Connecticut, who grew up in Honduras. 鈥淢ost of the little published materials are written by amateur storytellers devoid of scholarly referencing.鈥
One of the most influential accounts was written by Fernando Columbus, Christopher鈥檚 13-year-old son, who accompanied him on the voyage. He reported seeing a gigantic canoe laden with goods typical of the Maya people of the nearby Yucat谩n peninsula. Fernando鈥檚 account was subsequently retold and embellished by other historians. And so the idea that the inhabitants of Roat谩n were connected to the Maya took hold.
Tourist trap
The connection has proved enduring and very useful. In recent years one of its most enthusiastic proponents has been the Institute of Anthropology and History. The institute was set up in 1952 as a serious research organisation, but in the 1970s its mission changed. The military government, seeking hard currency, decided to create a tourist industry. Honduras had plenty of sun, sea and sand, but the government also decided to invest in 鈥渃ulture tourism鈥. It set up a new Ministry of Tourism and roped in the institute to help out. Their main task was to construct a historical national identity that would serve tourism鈥檚 needs. And that meant only one thing: cashing in on the Maya.
The Maya civilisation was one of the most sophisticated cultures of the pre-Hispanic Americas. Noted for its art, architecture, mathematics and writing, it dominated what is now southern Mexico, Guatemala and Belize for the best part of 3000 years, until the Spanish arrived in the 16th century.
As ancient civilisations go, the Maya is one of the most bankable 鈥 a fact not lost on the Ministry of Tourism. It began aggressively promoting the country鈥檚 Maya past, most notably Cop谩n, a ruined city in the far west of the country, close to its border with Guatemala. Now a World Heritage site, for about 400 years until it was abandoned around AD 900. At its peak in the 8th century about 30,000 people lived under Cop谩n鈥檚 rule.
It is a spectacular site, but hardly representative of Honduras鈥檚 past. Cop谩n was an outpost; most of modern Honduras was never Maya territory and the Maya impact on the country鈥檚 history is very limited.
Nonetheless, successive governments have pursued what Euraque has dubbed 鈥渢he Mayanisation of Honduras鈥, often with an eye on the tourist trade. Rosemary Joyce, an archaeologist at the University of California, Berkeley, who has worked in Honduras for over 35 years, says that the government 鈥渃onfuses the mission of the institute with the mission of the Ministry of Tourism, and so decides what archaeology and history is important based on tourism potential鈥.
The Mayanisation project can trace its roots to the 1930s as an ideological crusade of the nationalist dictator General Tiburcio Carias Andino. His goal was to unite the ethnically diverse and often unstable country under the banner of a glorious Maya past.
Nowhere has Mayanisation been embraced more enthusiastically than on Roat谩n. The island鈥檚 economy is built on a $50 million tourism industry; every year cruise ships disgorge about 800,000 visitors to enjoy its sun, sand, scuba diving 鈥 and invented Maya past.
鈥淓very year 800,000 tourists arrive to enjoy the sun, sand, scuba diving 鈥 and invented Maya past鈥
鈥淭here鈥檚 the perception that anything that鈥檚 not Maya is not interesting to tourists,鈥 says Wells. The belief is that they will pay for Maya, but not for Pech, and therefore it is in Roat谩n鈥檚 interest to emphasise its Maya 鈥渉eritage鈥.
The most ostentatious example of this ersatz history is Maya Key, a private island a few minutes by boat from Roat谩n Town. Cruise ships plying the Caribbean often dock there so that passengers can visit (see map).
Its principal attraction is a full-scale replica of parts of Cop谩n. The 鈥渞uins鈥 are not passed off as real but Wells and Euraque are concerned that visitors will conclude Maya Key is a genuine part of Roat谩n鈥檚 history 鈥 a misconception that the tourist industry appears in little hurry to correct. As the voiceover of a : 鈥淲hat people will remember about Maya Key is Mayan ruins 鈥 past culture and history of Mayan civilisation, what you can learn about the history of Honduras back 1000 years ago.鈥
Cop谩n 鈥 the genuine article, that is 鈥 was once the last stop on a tour of Maya sites known as Mundo Maya. Now the final destination is often Maya Key. Ironically, the owners of Maya Key also own the small Roat谩n Museum on the other side of the island, which houses artefacts telling the true history of the island. But the cruise ships don鈥檛 deliver their passengers there, and the entry fee 鈥 just $1 compared with $30 for Maya Key 鈥 tells you everything you need to know about its relative attractiveness to tourists.
Propagating these tales regardless of their historical accuracy may seem harmless to some, but Wells thinks otherwise. The creation and propagation of Roat谩n鈥檚 fictional past is 鈥渢aking people鈥檚 history and heritage away from them鈥, he says. 鈥淵ou鈥檙e telling them their history and heritage doesn鈥檛 matter because it doesn鈥檛 sell.鈥 This devalues not only the native islanders鈥 ancestors, but also the islanders themselves.
Since he started working on the ceramics, Wells has been fighting for wider recognition of Roat谩n鈥檚 true history. In 2005, the cultural wind shifted in his direction. Conservative president Ricardo Maduro lost to a liberal challenger, Manuel Zelaya, who instituted a programme of progressive reform including stronger recognition of Honduras鈥檚 minority groups. As part of that process he appointed a noted historian, Rodolfo Pastor Fasquelle, as Minister of Culture.
In 2006, Fasquelle lured Euraque 鈥 who had recently authored an influential book on Mayanisation 鈥 away from Connecticut to become the institute鈥檚 director. Together they drew up a policy to reverse Mayanisation.
Wells, meanwhile, had been investigating the providence of the Pech ceramics. Their style led him to conclude they were at least 600 years old, possibly as old as 1000. After speaking to Honduran archaeologists and the family who donated them, he concluded that they came from a site called El Antigual, in the centre of the island.
In 2008, Euraque invited Wells to the island to dig into its true history. And so began Project Roat谩n, an investigation of El Antigual and a number of other sites. Wells鈥檚 goal was to uncover 鈥 and revive 鈥 the true history of the island and determine the effect of mass tourism on its culture.
Over the next year Wells surveyed roughly half of the island. His excavations revealed that most of Roat谩n鈥檚 pre-colonial occupants were Pech 鈥 one of Honduras鈥檚 downtrodden peoples who now live only in a small area of the mainland. They were later joined by the Garifuna, who are descendants of native and West African people. As for signs of Maya occupation, there were none.
Tourism is essential to Roat谩n鈥檚 economy, and Wells and his supporters did not want to discourage it. However, they began to push for the Maya-centric model to be dropped in favour of genuine heritage tourism, in which the islanders present their real history and culture to visitors.
Wells also notes tourism鈥檚 drawbacks, such as development that threatens the island鈥檚 archaeology. Roat谩n has preservation laws, but he says there鈥檚 virtually no enforcement. His survey found that nearly a third of the island鈥檚 archaeological sites had been destroyed to make way for resorts, roads and cellphone towers.
Soon after Project Roat谩n began, Wells had to contend with a 7.5 magnitude earthquake. Then came an earthquake of a different kind. On 28 June 2009 the army overthrew President Zelaya. Civil liberties were suspended and curfews imposed. The US State Department advised its citizens to get out. As his team hastily filled in the excavations, Wells stashed artefacts under his bed and fled.
One immediate consequence of the coup d鈥櫭﹖at was that Fasquelle was sacked as Minister of Culture. His replacement, Myrna Castro, publicly accused Fasquelle and his ministry of pursuing 鈥渞evolutionary鈥 activity in cahoots with Venezuela鈥檚 president Hugo Chavez. A few weeks later Castro fired Euraque, accusing him of neglecting Cop谩n and using his position to 鈥渋ndoctrinate鈥 Hondurans in a 鈥渟ubversive ideology鈥. Euraque says this is little more than cover for Castro鈥檚 own endorsement of Mayanisation and 鈥減retentious, tourist-friendly folklorism鈥.
According to Wells, Euraque鈥檚 replacement, an engineer named Virgilio Paredes, is more interested in economic development than archaeology 鈥 in other words, a return to Mayanisation. 鈥淭he institute and cultural policy in Honduras succumbed to utter neglect after the coup,鈥 adds Euraque.
Joyce agrees. 鈥淭he current institute director is not trained in anthropology, archaeology or history,鈥 she says. 鈥淭he leadership has reversed progress toward explaining that there was a more complex pre-Hispanic cultural landscape.鈥 Paredes did not respond to several requests for an interview.
After the coup, Wells was unable to return for over a year. He visited in 2011 and 2012 but a labour dispute at the institute prevented him from returning last year and Project Roat谩n remains in the slow lane.
Nonetheless, Wells is still trying to impress the importance of archaeological preservation on Roat谩n鈥檚 urban planners. The island is divided into two municipalities: Roat谩n, which covers the more affluent western half where most tourists stay, and Guardiola, which covers the eastern half.
Guardiola officials are working with Wells. But he has yet to summon up any interest from Roat谩n municipality officials. He hopes to meet with the mayor this year. He notes, however, that this is politically tricky because Roat谩n reaps such financial rewards from tourism and development. He has also realised that he is not just up against the developers but also the cruise ship companies, chiefly Florida-based Carnival.
When Wells and his team examined the company鈥檚 website, the literature it gives passengers and the cultural exhibits at its main port on Roat谩n, they found a relentless focus on the Maya. 鈥淭he Pech are only rarely mentioned,鈥 says Wells.
Meanwhile, another piece of faux history has infiltrated Roat谩n鈥檚 tourism industry. One of the island鈥檚 resorts has a reproduction of the Black Pearl, the ship from Pirates of the Caribbean, complete with an actor impersonating Captain Jack Sparrow.
鈥淩oat谩n has a rich and fascinating history of pirates and buccaneers,鈥 says Wells, 鈥渂ut that is not what sells, apparently. What sells is the made-up version. It鈥檚 a very popular attraction, but it has nothing to do with the true history of pirates on the island. This is yet another example of the way in which fantasy trumps reality in the tourism industry.鈥
鈥淩oat谩n has a fascinating history of pirates, but that is not what sells. What sells is the made-up version鈥
True history
Wells knows that, if genuine heritage tourism is to succeed, the local elite who have benefited most from faux history will have to back the change. That sounds like a tall order, but Wells believes that Roat谩n鈥檚 municipality officials and business community have an interest in collaboration. Joyce agrees: 鈥淚 know Honduran people care about their true history.鈥
There are signs of progress. In 2010 the Honduran government set up Port Royal National Park, a 500-hectare nature reserve that also has about two dozen archaeological sites within its boundaries. The park is patrolled by guards to prevent looting.
Generally speaking, archaeologists content themselves with uncovering data and interpreting it. Wells has gone beyond that, and he struggles with what he described as the 鈥渢ricky ethical issue鈥 of being both an archaeologist and an activist.
Debunking Roat谩n鈥檚 Maya myths won鈥檛 be easy and it certainly won鈥檛 be quick. Euraque agrees that Hondurans care about their past, but points out that they have bigger fish to fry: poverty, widespread violence and public health problems. 鈥淭his is a 10-round fight,鈥 Wells says. 鈥淲e鈥檙e in round one or two.鈥
This article appeared in print under the headline 鈥淟and of make-believe鈥
