杏吧原创

THERE was a lot of futuristic hype surrounding cryonics company Alcor. When Dublin-based journalist Mark O鈥機onnell travelled to its facility in Arizona, he found himself 鈥渟urrounded by corpses in an office park, between a tile showroom and a place called Big D鈥檚 Covering Supplies鈥�.

In his book To Be a Machine, new father O鈥機onnell invokes the twin spectres of death and child-bearing in an attempt to make sense of his subject 鈥� but he also manages to be staggeringly funny. He explores the intersecting practices of body modification, cryonics, machine learning, whole brain emulation and AI disaster-forecasting.

The 鈥渢ranshumanist world view鈥�, O鈥機onnell writes, casts 鈥渙ur minds and bodies as obsolete technologies, outmoded formats in need of complete overhaul鈥�. He worries more about the collateral damage such a future will inflict, less on the world views of the supposed visionaries who supply the ideas. Not that the two can be separated.

Throughout the text, it is difficult to ignore Peter Thiel, a Silicon Valley billionaire and an adviser to Donald Trump. While Thiel, , is not featured directly, the longevity start-ups he funded are, including Halcyon Molecular, 3Scan, MIRI, the Longevity Fund and Aubrey de Grey鈥檚 Methuselah Foundation.

Another pervasive presence is Nick Bostrom, an Oxford University philosopher. But while Thiel wants to extend life, Bostrom is worried about its eradication. He is best known for his 2014 book Superintelligence, which brought thought experiments about AI security to public notice. O鈥機onnell finds it disquieting to see the likes of Elon Musk and Bill Gates effusing about this book. 鈥淭hese dire warnings about AI were coming from what seemed like the most unlikely of sources: not from Luddites or religious catastrophists, that is, but from the very people who seemed to most personify our culture鈥檚 reverence for machines.鈥�

鈥淭he race to achieve AI first will be tight, pushing corporations to disregard security鈥�

attempts to address such existential threats by freely disseminating its research. This is meant to encourage the rise ofmultiple AIs, whose balance of power will keep any non-benign ones off-balance. While Bostrom agrees that this plan will decrease the threat from a world-eating 鈥渟ingleton鈥�, that 鈥渨inning the AI race is incompatible with using any safety method that incurs a delay or limits performance鈥�. If basic information is made public, the race to achieve AI first will be tight, pushing corporations to disregard security.

Given Musk鈥檚 that he is trying to move Trump to the left, rumours that Mark Zuckerberg is considering a presidential run and the fact that many users are deleting the Uber app after the company broke the taxi strike at JFK Airport, Silicon Valley can no longer claim to be apolitical. And there seems to be something about transhumanism that draws out reactionaries. As O鈥機onnell observes, in one sense the whole ethos of transhumanism 鈥渋s such a radical extrapolation of the classically American belief in self-betterment that it obliterates the idea of the self entirely. It鈥檚 liberal humanism forced to the coldest outer limits of its own paradoxical implications.鈥�

Thiel is 鈥� strangely for a former libertarian 鈥� a planner. In his 2014 book Zero to One, Thiel writes of the dot-com bubble as both 鈥渁 peak of insanity鈥� and 鈥渁 peak of clarity鈥�: 鈥淧eople looked into the future, saw how much valuable new technology we would need to get there safely and judged themselves capable of creating it.鈥� Depicting how private enterprise failed to bridge the gap between aspiration and realisation, Thiel seems here to be arguing for total mobilisation of the state.

Shooting for the moon

Thiel favours taking huge risks to achieve miraculous results. He champions the government-funded space race and rails against 鈥渋ncrementalisation鈥� in scientific and civilizational achievements. At the time of writing, , the managing director of Thiel鈥檚 Mithril Capital, is one of Trump鈥檚 main candidates to head the Food and Drug Administration. O鈥橬eill thinks that drugs should be approved not by safety but by efficacy. Thiel himself has criticised the FDA for being overly cautious, , 鈥淚 don鈥檛 even know if you could get the polio vaccine approved today鈥� 鈥� .

If the low-safety 鈥渕oonshot鈥� approach favoured by Thiel and the futurist frat houses O鈥機onnell describes is applied on a national level, and longevity research funded by a Silicon Valley billionaire does pay huge dividends, a new question emerges: immortality for whom?

Thiel is notoriously anti-competition, writing in Zero to One that only becoming a monopoly 鈥渃an allow a business to transcend the daily brute struggle for survival鈥�, since 鈥渃ompetitive markets destroy profits鈥�. A monopoly price for life extension suggests a future in which we will all be in monetary debt to mortality, working forever to pay off our incoming years.

During a recent public lecture, genomics pioneer Craig Venter discussed his new company that aims to use genetic sequencing to provide 鈥減roactive, preventative, predictive, personalised鈥� healthcare. According to Venter, 40 per cent of people who think they are healthy are not 鈥� they have undiagnosed ailments such as tumours that have not metastasised or cardiovascular conditions. And he says his method can predict Alzheimer鈥檚 20 years before its onset, and a cocktail of soon-to-be-marketed drugs can prevent it. Thanks to this $25,000 genome-physical, Venter himself was .

Can any imaginable public healthcare provision pay for such speculative treatments? Or will there be a widening gap between those who can afford to stay healthy and those who will have to shoulder early-onset penury in the face of their time-limited humanity?

In response to questions about such inequality, Thiel offers little comfort. 鈥淧robably the most extreme form of inequality,鈥� six years ago, 鈥渋s between people who are alive and people who are dead.鈥�

Jonathan Swift鈥檚 satirical letter 鈥淎 modest proposal鈥� responded to an equally cold-blooded ideology, in his day. But a field whose pioneers sport names like T. O. Morrow (Tom Bell鈥檚 1990s soubriquet), FM-2030 and Max More demands something different from O鈥機onnell 鈥� an unexpected, often funny effort of restraint.

This article appeared in print under the headline 鈥淚n debt to mortality鈥�