FLASHY TV shows, true-crime podcasts and a growing interest in cracking cold cases might have you believing that forensic science has all the answers when it comes to solving difficult crimes. But quietly, a crisis has been emerging in the UK, and we are now starting to see the consequences 鈥� among them, 10,000 criminal cases currently under review after alleged data manipulation at a forensics laboratory in Manchester. Many forensics labs across the country are failing to demonstrate they meet certain quality standards. And one of the UK鈥檚 most important private providers nearly went bust last month.
鈥淚 think the problems we鈥檙e seeing are just the tip of some sort of ghastly iceberg that is building beneath the water,鈥� says Angela Gallop, CEO of , a firm in Wantage, UK, supplying forensic expertise to lawyers and the police.
Many of these problems stem from the closure of the government-owned Forensic Science Service in 2012. Now, case evidence is examined by a mixture of private firms and in-house police labs. A New 杏吧原创 survey of forensic scientists conducted at that time revealed widespread concerns: about three-quarters believed the closure would lead to more miscarriages of justice and reduce impartiality because of the transfer of work to police labs. 鈥淗ow can the people who are chasing down criminals and seeing if there is any evidence against them also be charged with producing impartial, independent and objective evidence?鈥� says Gallop.
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鈥淭he problems we鈥檙e seeing are just the tip of a ghastly iceberg that is building beneath the water鈥�
The majority of forensic scientists surveyed in 2012 also believed that it would make it harder to accurately interpret evidence, because cases would be broken up and sent to various providers, or incomplete examinations would be requested in a drive to save money.
Cutting corners
Those fears now appear prophetic. Of particular concern is the increasing fragmentation in the way forensic services are commissioned: fewer items are being submitted for analysis, often without the relevant context, presumably in a bid to save money, says , a forensic scientist at the University of Kent.
Green cites the case of a recent attack that left a person seriously injured. Previously, it would have been normal to submit a sample of the victim鈥檚 blood, the weapon and the victim鈥檚 clothing, but in this case, only a blood sample and a single swab from the weapon were sent for analysis, says Green.
When the case came to court, the forensic scientist was asked whether the weapon was used in the assault. He cried foul, because he hadn鈥檛 been asked to answer this question, only whether DNA on the weapon matched the victim鈥檚 blood. He would have needed to see the whole weapon and the distribution of blood on the victim鈥檚 clothes to answer the question with any confidence.
鈥淚n other words, a restriction on the submission of items limited the overall value of what could or couldn鈥檛 be said,鈥� says Green.
Gillian Tully, the UK鈥檚 forensic science regulator, has also voiced concerns about funding shortages. 鈥淐ontinuing downward pressure on cost鈥� has eroded the time available for professional development and even the availability of scientific literature,鈥� she wrote in her , which was published in January.
It has also led to the collapse of several firms, which risks the loss of important evidence and data, along with scientific knowledge and skills as practitioners move into other fields.
For example, Contact Traces, a textile fibre laboratory, was . It specialised in looking at how fibres from someone鈥檚 clothes can transfer to other people or objects, which can be crucial in solving cases, says Gallop.
鈥淚t was textile fibres that unlocked several of our most high-profile and complex cases,鈥� she says, including the racially motivated murder of Stephen Lawrence 25 years ago that sparked huge changes in UK policing. Now such evidence is often not gathered in an effort to save costs, she says.
鈥淭extile fibres helped solve the murder of Stephen Lawrence 鈥� now they aren鈥檛 gathered, to save costs鈥�
鈥淐ost pressures mean we have put the market under some strain,鈥� says James Vaughan of the National Police Chiefs鈥� Council. 鈥淚 think now is a really good time for private providers, police and the Home Office to review the situation.鈥�
Few would like to see the reinstatement of the Forensic Science Service, however. 鈥淟ike many large bodies, it had quite a bit wrong with it; it was top-heavy and so on,鈥� says Green, who used to be employed by it. And the private sector has delivered innovation: Key Forensic Services, which was threatened with collapse until a buyer was found last month, recently developed technology that enables a DNA profile of a suspect or missing person to be generated in just 82 minutes. That means police forces can check a suspect鈥檚 DNA against the national database on the same day they are arrested, rather than having to wait three or four days.
A few police forces, including London鈥檚 Metropolitan Police, are experimenting with employing a private company to handle the entire forensic process. That means the same firm is responsible for deciding which evidence should be examined and for interpreting that evidence.
Done properly, this should introduce a degree of independence from the police officers investigating the case and reduce fragmentation because the provider sees the evidence in its entirety. The police pay a set price for the service, leaving scientists to choose which tests are needed, says Vaughan. 鈥淭hey will do things in the order that is necessary, for the best outcomes.鈥�
Such a system can only work if all the labs involved are accredited, meaning they can prove they meet certain quality standards 鈥� without it, the risk of unsound science is increased. Yet achieving this remains a challenge. As of November 2017, 12 out of 43 police forces in England and Wales hadn鈥檛 demonstrated compliance with these standards, while inspections during the year from October 2016 found more than 700 nonconformities with standards.
Ultimately, it comes down to money, particularly as gaining accreditation is costly and may be difficult for small labs. Without more cash for forensics, this quiet crisis will continue. 鈥淥ne simply cannot procure forensic services in the same way as you can office consumables,鈥� says Green. 鈥淲e need to make a clear differentiation between cost and value.鈥�
Life inside a UK forensics lab
鈥淲hen you become a forensic scientist, there are a few things that are absolutely drilled into you: things like collaboration, corroboration, communication, impartiality. When you place people with this kind of ethos into a system where market pressures prevent you from doing parts of the work you鈥檇 like to do, like reading peer-reviewed journals to keep up with technical advances, it becomes very difficult to maintain a robust approach.
鈥淵ou鈥檙e constantly trying to maximise your efficiency because the profits are under such extreme pressure. Like any industry, if you feel you have very little time in which to complete tasks, that鈥檚 when mistakes start to happen.
鈥淏ut if mistakes could mean a miscarriage of justice, it is unacceptable isn鈥檛 it?
鈥淚鈥檓 convinced that the tests that are being commissioned and the contracts that are being written up are largely based around cost. It is an easy thing to understand when you don鈥檛 know much about forensics 鈥� everyone understands price.
鈥淚f you don鈥檛 have sufficient understanding of which tests need to be done in order to answer the questions the courts are interested in, like 鈥榙id he kick this man?鈥�, or 鈥榙id she hit this person?鈥�, then you can see why they might naturally fall back on cheaper tests.
鈥淭he problem is that cases are getting to trial and this is when the questions are asked that should have been asked at the beginning of the investigation. Money is then having to be spent in a rushed manner as a result of last minute examinations. It is false economy.鈥�
Jo Millington is a forensic scientist and a senior research fellow at the University of Surrey, UK. She has worked at the Forensic Science Service, and at police and private forensics labs.
This article appeared in print under the headline 鈥淓vidence of failure鈥�
Article amended on 9 May 2018
We corrected what kind of evidence Angela Gallop believes is required
