A FEW years ago, I sat down in my home office and clicked through to a YouTube video. In it, a woman slowly folded towels on a table, while talking in a gentle whisper. Almost immediately, a warm, fuzzy tingle started around the nape of my neck, spreading across my shoulders and back. Within a minute, I was in a state of utter relaxation. The sensation lasted long after I stopped watching.
I have experienced this calming tingle since I was a child, when my mother would stroke my back at bedtime. But I never mentioned it 鈥� it just seemed weird.
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Then a few years ago, I read an article about an internet subculture devoted to the 鈥渂rain tingles鈥� elicited by videos of people folding towels or 鈥� a TV show in which the host Bob Ross would produce an oil painting and quietly explain how he did it. Just reading the descriptions of these videos was enough to set off the sensation.
Watching someone fold towels may seem tedious, but has had more than 1,900,000 views.
Clearly, I鈥檓 not alone. That got me wondering what was happening in my brain to elicit these feelings. Do they serve a purpose? And how many other people share my ability to easily find a state of blissful relaxation?
The phenomenon first came to people鈥檚 attention in 2007, in an 鈥渨eird sensation feels good鈥�. Many names were suggested, notably 鈥渁ttention-induced head orgasm鈥� 鈥� a misnomer because the feeling is not as sudden or short-lived as an orgasm, and is distinct from sexual arousal.
The term that stuck was coined in 2010 by cybersecurity expert Jennifer Allen: 鈥渁utonomous sensory meridian response鈥�, . She wanted something that represented the key elements of the sensation, but that sounded scientific, so people wouldn鈥檛 be embarrassed to talk about it. It worked: those who experience the phenomenon are now a thriving online community. For instance, the ASMR subreddit has about 165,000 subscribers. The sensation has been popularised by pharmacologist of Shenandoah University in Virginia, who set up the website ASMR University.
鈥淎 lot of people said 鈥榳oah, I thought I was the only one who experienced this鈥欌��
Science then began to catch up. The first studies of ASMR began to appear in 2014, with work by and , both then at Swansea University, UK. Barratt was a master鈥檚 student interested in synaesthesia: the phenomenon in which people鈥檚 senses merge, so they hear colour or see sound.
鈥淎 friend approached me to ask if ASMR was related to synaesthesia,鈥� says Barratt. 鈥淭hat was the first time I鈥檇 heard of it.鈥�
To start investigating, she and Davis asked people in online ASMR communities to fill out a questionnaire. From the 475 responses, they learned that episodes were pretty consistent: typically described as 鈥渁 tingling sensation which originated towards the back of the scalp and progressed down the line of the spine and, in some cases, out towards the shoulders鈥�.
Four triggers were most popular, each favoured by more than half of respondents: whispering, personal attention, slow movements and 鈥渃risp sounds鈥� like tapping fingernails.
Barratt and Davis had established the basic reality of ASMR. Nevertheless, many questions remained unanswered 鈥� like what proportion of people experience it.
The only estimate of prevalence comes from at the University of Sheffield, UK, who event in 2014. Of 91 people, 53 had experienced ASMR, 15 hadn鈥檛 and 23 weren鈥檛 sure. It is clearly no niche sensation, and it seems far more common than synaesthesia, which is .
The responses also illustrated how misunderstood the phenomenon is. 鈥淎 lot of people who said they had ASMR either thought everyone had, or they thought 鈥榳hoa, I thought I was the only person who experienced it鈥�,鈥� says Poerio.
There is also some information about who does and doesn鈥檛 experience it, thanks to two studies from 2017. at the University of Winnipeg, Canada, and his colleagues asked 290 people with ASMR and 290 matched people without it to complete a test that measured the five main personality traits. People with ASMR had and neuroticism, and lower levels of conscientiousness, extroversion and agreeableness. The second study partly backed this up: people with ASMR .
However, it isn鈥檛 clear what that means, says at the University of Cambridge. 鈥淚t鈥檚 quite possible that there is some underlying genetics that makes people both susceptible to ASMR and neurotic,鈥� or the high openness-to-experience could simply reflect the people who try odd-sounding videos.
It doesn鈥檛 help that nobody actually knows what ASMR is yet, although there are many ideas. Certainly, it resembles several known neurological states. Barratt and Davis looked for a link with synaesthesia, but found no significant difference in the frequency of synaesthesia among people who did and didn鈥檛 experience ASMR.
They also compared it to 鈥渇low鈥�: the mental state in which you concentrate fully on a task and it starts to feel almost automatic. Their survey revealed that people who experienced flow more readily also had more ASMR triggers. But anyone who has experienced ASMR knows it isn鈥檛 flow: it is fuzzy, almost trance-like.
A more promising comparison is 鈥溾��. This sensation is similar to shivering, complete with goosebumps, but is triggered by an emotional experience like powerful music. It is sometimes called 鈥渕usical chills鈥�. People often reportedly confuse ASMR and frisson 鈥� but ASMR lacks the shivery, electric element. A 2016 review argued that is relaxing while frisson is arousing. Perhaps they are two ends of a spectrum.
Whatever ASMR is, it has real effects. In a study published in June, Poerio and her colleagues monitored people鈥檚 heart rate and skin conductance 鈥� a measure of emotional arousal 鈥� while they watched ASMR videos. Everyone鈥檚 heart rates slowed, but .
The team also found that those with ASMR had increased skin conductance, indicating greater emotional arousal. 鈥淲e expected to find a reduction,鈥� says Poerio. 鈥淚t might be to do with the fact ASMR is a complex emotional experience.鈥�
To really understand the phenomenon, however, we need to know what is going on in the brain during ASMR. In 2013, a student named at Dartmouth College in New Hampshire scanned the brains of people experiencing ASMR as part of his . But the study went unpublished for years while Lochte studied medicine.
In 2016, Smith and his colleagues used functional MRI to scan the brains of 11 people who experience ASMR and 11 who don鈥檛, while they lay down doing nothing in particular. This activates brain regions called the default mode network, which is poorly understood but known to be involved in daydreaming, and the team found that some of the connections in this network were weaker and others stronger .
鈥淭he brain, at rest, is functioning differently in those with ASMR,鈥� says co-author at the University of Manitoba, Canada. She says this may help explain the sensation: the altered connectivity may reflect 鈥渁 reduced ability or tendency to inhibit sensory-emotional experiences鈥�.
However, Bor is unconvinced. He says the participants weren鈥檛 matched by personality. 鈥淎ll the effects could be due to personality differences,鈥� he says. 鈥淚t might not have anything to do with the ASMR trait.鈥�
Kornelsen says the team has since scanned the brains of people while they are experiencing ASMR, but the results aren鈥檛 yet published. However, in June, finally appeared, with Richard as a co-author. It came out under a cloud: another author, , also of Dartmouth College, was , and .
Lochte and his colleagues used functional MRI to monitor brain activity in 10 ASMR-sensitive people as they watched videos that trigger the sensation. The scans showed significant activation in parts of the brain associated with reward and emotional arousal. Similar patterns are seen in frisson, suggesting the two sensations are indeed related.
It is still unclear what all these findings mean, other than that the brain of someone who experiences ASMR seems to work differently. But why?
It could be that this phenomenon evolved for an evolutionary purpose, says Davis, not least because it is so often triggered by personal attention. 鈥淚f you look at great apes being groomed, I suspect they鈥檙e feeling something like ASMR,鈥� he says. 鈥淭hey鈥檙e receiving close personal attention from another ape. I think it鈥檚 a rewarding state to be in.鈥�
Richard suggested something similar in 2014: that . In line with this, Lochte鈥檚 study found that the brain activation sparked by ASMR was similar to that seen in people and animals experiencing friendly behaviour. Poerio鈥檚 volunteers also reported greater feelings of social connection after ASMR. Maybe it is an intense version of the feeling we all get when loved ones tend to us 鈥� and videos can be a shortcut to it.
Genuine benefits
But others have doubts, arguing that the brain sometimes just does odd things. 鈥淲hy should some visual stimulus cause head tingling?鈥� asks Bor. 鈥淚 can鈥檛 see any evolutionary purpose for that whatsoever.鈥�
Regardless of any explanation, the benefits seem genuine. Barratt 鈥渞eally didn鈥檛 expect ASMR to be therapeutically applicable鈥�, but she and Davis found otherwise in 2014. 鈥淧eople showed this amazing elevation in mood during ASMR, but also that mood elevation persists for a few hours after,鈥� says Davis. 鈥淚t makes you happier when you鈥檙e doing it and it keeps you happy.鈥�
What鈥檚 more, those who were generally less happy showed a greater change. 鈥淧eople who are quite down are using ASMR to improve their mood,鈥� says Davis. 鈥淧eople with chronic pain were using it, I don鈥檛 want to say to treat, but at least to distract from the pain.鈥� For those who can, ASMR may be a simple way to relieve pain and stabilise mood.
Poerio鈥檚 June study backs this up. A lower heart rate implies people are less stressed and more relaxed. When it comes to pain relief, it could be that the sensation of ASMR overpowers or distracts from the pain temporarily, or relaxation and improved mood might help with the pain. 鈥淚t shows there鈥檚 a physiological benefit,鈥� she says. Heart rates fell by 3.1 beats per minute during ASMR, which was similar to the effects of music-induced relaxation for people with cardiovascular disease. It is early days, but 鈥渙ur research would support this idea that potentially it could be used for therapeutic benefit鈥�, she says.
So even though I still don鈥檛 fully understand why I experience ASMR, I feel I was dealt a lucky hand. I have a mental trick that lets me pick up my mood if I鈥檓 feeling low or stressed. With the world going to hell in a handcart, that鈥檚 a handy thing to have.
This article appeared in print under the headline 鈥淏rain tingles鈥�
