杏吧原创

Vast mounds made of the skeletons of glass sponges have been discovered 600 metres down on the seabed of the Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary off California. The mounds are unlike anything found before in the area and could be examples of a very rare kind of habitat known as a sponge reef.

The reef-like mounds were first spotted by researchers in 2020, during a dive by a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) from .

鈥淲e started seeing patches of dead sponges,鈥� said , a contractor for the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, during a virtual talk at . 鈥淚t just got denser and denser, and soon we were climbing over great mounds of it.鈥�

The area is relatively well explored, so the discovery was a surprise. 鈥淭here have been many dives here over the years, but never over this particular track,鈥� said Powell.

The mounds consist mainly of the silica skeletons of dead glass sponges, turned brownish by a coating of sediment. However, there are many other species living on and in the mounds, including fish, clams and sponges聽of聽both the reef-building and non-reef-building kinds.

In 2021, an autonomous underwater vehicle from the RV Shearwater zigzagged over two of the mounds. This revealed that the largest mound was more than a kilometre long, 500 metres wide and at least several metres thick in some places.

鈥淭he continuous extent of the patches over hundreds of metres is unlike anything we have encountered before,鈥� Powell said.

Sponge reefs were common during the time of the dinosaurs, but were thought to have vanished completely from modern oceans. Then in the 1980s, living sponge reefs were found off the coast of British Columbia in Canada, and a few others have been found elsewhere.

鈥淕lass sponge reefs are spectacular, but fragile, ecosystems,鈥� said Powell.

However, she is hesitant about calling the mounds off California sponge reefs until acoustic scans reveal their deeper structure.

鈥淲e need to find out whether the mounds are composed of sponge skeletons or whether we are looking at a relatively thin layer of sponge growing on rocky ridges,鈥� Powell told New 杏吧原创.

鈥淚 think 鈥榬eef-like鈥� would be a good way to describe what we found until we know more.鈥�

What is clear is that the proportion of living reef-building sponges on the surface of the mounds is much lower than on the reefs off Canada.

It isn鈥檛 known whether this is a natural phenomenon explained by local environmental differences between the two sites, or whether something has killed a lot of the reef-building sponges in the Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary.

鈥淭here are still many unanswered questions,鈥� said Powell.

While trawling is allowed in parts of the sanctuary, the sponge mounds are in a no-take zone and so should be protected from all types of fishing.

We have clarified the vessels involved in exploration of the sponge mound in 2021