One in four must go. Hawaii’s giant Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT) is back in business after a hiatus of 2 months – but at the expense of other telescopes.

Back in April, construction of the telescope was temporarily halted in the face of mounting protests from native Hawaiians. The telescope would dwarf any observatory now in existence, allowing astronomers to peer to the very edge of the visible universe. Its presence atop the extinct volcano Mauna Kea, however, which many Hawaiians consider sacred ground, was considered an insult – especially since there are more than a dozen telescopes on the summit already.

“When astronomers first came build on Mauna Kea in the 1960s we were concerned,” says Hawaiian activist Kealoha Pisciotta, “but back in the day Hawaiian people were oppressed and didn’t have a voice.”

That voice has now been heard: On 26 May, Hawaii’s governor David Ige that construction on the TMT could resume. But by the time the telescope goes into operation in the mid-2020s, at least one-quarter of the 13 telescopes now on the summit must be shut down.

Not only that: by 2033, the University of Hawaii, which oversees astronomical operations on the summit, will have to abandon 40 of the 45 square kilometres it leases from the state, and promise not to build telescopes on any undeveloped land. And anyone who visits the 4205-metre summit from now on will not only get warnings about altitude sickness, but will also receive training on the peak’s .

No one knows which of the 13 telescopes on Mauna Kea will be shut down, apart from the , which had been scheduled for demolition even before the controversy over the new telescope arose. It’s virtually certain that the twin , the and the , all of which are among the most powerful on Earth, will survive. The overall harm to astronomy will be minimal.

The educational value for astronomers, however, could be enormous. Some have dismissed the protests as just a lot of noise from troublemakers, but others have found the episode eye-opening.

“I’m a little embarrassed that I hadn’t even thought about the impact astronomy has had on indigenous Hawaiians,” says , who is just finishing up a postdoctoral fellowship at Princeton. “We’ll have to make some sacrifices, but as a community we haven’t been on the receiving end of sacrifice.”

John Johnson, an astronomer at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, goes even further. When he first heard about the protests, Johnson didn’t really understand why the Hawaiians were so upset.

“Then,” he says, “I began looking into the history.” He was appalled. “It’s not talked about, but [the US] stole the Hawaiian islands from a sovereign nation that had its own rich culture, and we just destroyed it. For astronomers to act like this is all in the past has nothing to do with us and is just horrible.”

Mauna Kea is a holy site, say protesters (Image: AP Photo/Anne Keala Kelly)

Sarah Ballard studies exoplanets for a living, so like many other astronomers around the world she’s eager to see the (the TMT for short) go into operation in the early 2020s. With a light-collecting mirror nine times larger than the ones on the twin Keck Telescopes, currently the world’s most powerful, the TMT will revolutionise the search for Earth-like worlds around other stars, and be able to peer to the very edges of the visible universe.

But , an astronomer at the University of Washington, in Seattle, is conflicted. A group of indigenous Hawaiians are determined that the TMT won’t be built. They’re incensed by the telescope’s location perched on top of the extinct volcano Mauna Kea, on the Big Island of Hawaii – a After an increasingly vocal series of protests that have landed 31 activists in jail, Hawaii’s governor, David Ige, issued a week-long moratorium on construction to all for “further dialogue” between the protesters and the telescope builders.

Construction criticism

It’s not the first time native Hawaiians have been upset by the powerful telescopes dotted around the ash fields on the mountain’s 4200-metre summit – two Kecks, the Subaru, the Gemini and a host of smaller instruments. But in the past, the rest of the world has remained largely unaware.

That’s no longer the case, thanks to the , a campaign on and several blogs. “Back in the day, we had the LA Times writing about us,” says , part of a , “but now we have social media.”

And thanks to Ballard, astronomers are now aware of the issue as well. She learned about the controversy from Keolu Fox, a native Hawaiian friend who studies genomics technology at the University of Washington. Ballard posted a summary of what he had told her on the , setting off a long and remarkably receptive comment thread.

Not every scientist feels conflicted. “If we were talking about putting a coal-fired power plant or a factory or something up there, I’d be the first to say ‘hold on’,” says , an astronomer at the University of California, Los Angeles, who uses big telescopes to study the outer solar system. “But we’re not. Astronomy is about as pure and as clean as you can get, so what’s the big deal?”

The Thirty Meter Telescope will allow astronomers to peer to the very edges of the visible universe (Image: TMT Observatory Corporation)

Ballard is less sure. “From talking with Keolu, it does seem like there’s something unjust about TMT as it’s currently being constructed. It seems to me that the Hawaiian people are not being intrinsically unreasonable.”

Part of the problem may also be that the TMT feels like the final straw for a people who have been treated pretty shabbily in the past – from the exploitation of their resources by Western imperialists to a US-backed coup that overthrew the Hawaiian kingdom’s last Queen, Liliʻuokalani, in 1893, leading to US annexation of the islands a few years later. “Our culture is dying,” says Fox. “By 2040, there won’t be any pure Hawaiian people left on planet Earth.”

Given that history, it’s perhaps not so surprising that native Hawaiians are rallying to protest against the largest construction project to date on top of their sacred mountain. They also insist that the TMT project does not comply with environmental regulations. “It’s a watershed area,” says Piscotta. “There are pretty clear rules about building there.” The company building TMT has ignored these rules, she says. That’s largely the basis for the group’s legal challenges.

Impact statement

But most of the protesters’ complaints have taken Sandra Dawson, TMT’s Hawaii Community Affairs representative, by surprise. “We chose a site that has no archaeological shrines, has not been the site of cultural practices, and isn’t visible from distance of holy sites,” she says.

Dawson also disputes the accusation that the company has flouted environmental regulations. “I’ve been told we had one of the most thorough environmental impact statement processes ever.” The TMT had not just environmental scientists involved, but also historians and indigenous religious practitioners she says.

“When the statement was completed, no one challenged it. “We thought that by having all the meetings we had over last seven years, many of them in indigenous Hawaiian communities, the information would get out. We now know that that’s not the case. We’re going to work harder to make that happen.”

Despite the protests gaining attention around the world, it’s hard to imagine that the TMT project, which is budgeted at more than $1 billion and which is backed by a long list of major research universities, will not be built.

But the controversy has forced a lot of astronomers to think hard about issues they’ve rarely confronted in the past. “I’m nervous about the effects of speaking out might have on my career,” says Ballard, who is searching for faculty jobs. “I’m afraid of rocking the boat. But I’ve also been nervous speaking up about sexual harassment. Just being afraid isn’t sufficient reason to stay silent.”

Update 11 April: An earlier version of this story included a quote from a closed Facebook group. Some of the group’s members were upset at its use, so this quote has been removed. New ĐÓ°ÉÔ­´´ has reached out to the group directly for further comment.